NOTES TO THE CONFERENCE OF YVES POLIART -
27-04-2017

19th century
inventions:
    telegrapf, telephone, phonograph, cinema
    -communication
climat:
industrialiastion

beginning 20th century art movements
futurism italien
confrontation Music and Noise

Marinetti: manifest futurist 
- chanter l'amour du danger
- la vitesse, voiture, machinegun
- glorify the guerre

example futuriste:
Luigio Russolo
lieder with noise
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Russolo
fore runner of noise of late 20th century
constructiviste:
progress, bolchévik

the conductor Avraamov is on a tower, conducting the sounds that are made by the city
canons, trains, cars
example: 1922 Baku, symphony of sirens

until now music was live in a room
now it becomes possible to put music on a support, 
play music recording where you are, faire voyager la music

Edgard Varèse

scandal: entre mozart et tjaikowsky on y integre le piece de music (electronic) de Varèse: desert
dans meme salle 2ieme scandal après stravinsky - sacre du printemps

"Le scandale de la création de Déserts, le 2 décembre 1954 à Paris, le révèle pour une nouvelle génération de compositeurs classiques (dont Iannis Xenakis et Bruno Maderna) et populaires (comme Frank Zappa) qui ont reconnu en lui, bien plus qu'un « précurseur », un modèle à suivre et l'un des grands innovateurs du XXe siècle avec Stravinsky, Henry Cowell, Béla Bartók et Anton Webern."
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgard_Varèse

George Antheil - Ballet Mécanique
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_m%C3%A9canique

John Cage
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cage
- hasard
- ouvert
- indetermination
- instruments préparés: 
*paysage imaginaire no1: added sounds of a 'jeu tournedisque'
*support d'un mémoire décontextualisé en instrument de musique
-influence de la vie sur l'art et l'art sur la vie 
*objet du quotidien sur le piano
*4'33" : marque du réel sur l'art 

theremin: radio avec oscilateur de fréquences 
+ two metal rods (tiges) to produce tones by changing the distance of your hand to the pole
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9mine

example: Saint Saens - the swan joué sur thérémin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSzTPGlNa5U
Clara Rockmore
from the album The art of the theremin

soundtrack of films used often the teremin, 
for example: Spellbound by Hitchcock

Yves plays example: the soundtrack of 'Ed Wood' the bio pic by Tim Burton sur Ed Wood (the worst film director in the world)
teremin = suspence
used a lot in science fiction films

Robert Moog (inventeur de synthétiseur 'MOOG') he also improved the thérémine

Theremin also used in rock such as John Spencer Blues Explosion, Led Zeppelin, .....

Return to the question how to turn musical supports, such as the record player, into a producing instrument, 
Pierre Schaeffer (FR) radio maker
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer
to make music à partir des objets conrèts
everyday objects
-> la musique concrète

décontextualisé les sons qu'il utilise

l'attaque, le milieu, la remise (fade out)
Schaeffer coupe dans les sons: travaille avec uniquement des milieus par exemples
1948 cinq étudesde Bruits Etude Violette
'matière perdue'
Schaeffer avec Pierre Henri: "la symphony pour un homme seul"

GRM = Groupe de Recherche Musicale
1 membre = Luc Ferrari

example: "Presque rien no2"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vohdiXPN5nY

Bernhard Parmegianni
Musique Acousmatique
example: Capture ephemere:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TcLzIm7rWY

years 1940 - 50 this type of music is not 'popular'
seperation:
écrit: "musique savante"
orale, non écrit: "non savante"

musique populair: 'industry du son'

Colombé crée pour Béjart ...
Messe pour le temps présent
Pierre Henri: Psyché Rock
comment jouer cette musique en live ?
Henri 


Chris Watson
he was part of Cabaret Voltaire, important punk band in the 
1980's.
He made fieldrecordings, for example : the cracking of glaciers

Métier is named: micro + macroscopy

Yves plays example: extract from el train fantasmo, 2011

last travel of a train across mexico from ocean to ocean

Terry Riley

Minimalistes repetitives
autre protagonist: Steve Reich

he uses revox, connected tape recordes: one is reording, the other is playing direct what has been recorded,

travail sur la temporalité

'drone' is a combined base sound they work with 
and that can change over a longer duration of time

Radio studios 'at the time' were meant to transfer radio emissions
but in the best studios such as WDR, BBC, ...
there was often an experimental department
combination between popular and 'elite' sound production
BBC radiophonic workshop
An important person in the studio was Daphne Oram - she worked with plaque de verres
Example : Eton 1963

record published by trhe BBC RW: 
    'white noise - electric storm'
song played: Love without sound
1969

Joe Meek
first who invented the 'Concept Album'
all the songs together tell a story
his futuristic 'opera' is: I hear a new world, an outer space music fantasy


Forbidden Planet
sci fi film 1956
first 100% synthesized soundtrack

"Forbidden Planet's innovative electronic music score, credited as "electronic tonalities", partly to avoid having to pay any of the film industry music guild fees,[citation needed] was composed by Bebe and Louis Barron. MGM producer Dore Schary discovered the couple quite by chance at a beatnik nightclub in Greenwich Village while on a family Christmas visit to New York City; Schary hired them on the spot to compose his film's musical score. While the theremin (which was not used in Forbidden Planet) had been used on the soundtrack of Alfred Hitchcock's Spellbound (1945), the Barrons' electronic composition is credited with being the first completely electronic film score; their soundtrack preceded the invention of the Moog synthesizer by eight years (1964)."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Planet


Beatles: tomorrow never knows
in this song, the studio is the most important instrument: 
    
" Tape loops prepared by the Beatles were mixed in and out of the Indian-inspired modal  backing underpinned by a constant but non-standard drum pattern. It  marked the first recorded use of reversed sounds in a pop song."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Knows

Silver Apples / Simeon Coxe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Apples
Simeon Coxe who performs on a primitive synthesizer of his own devising (also named The Simeon); and, until his death in 2005, drummer Danny Taylor. The group was active between 1967 and 1969, before reforming in the mid-1990s.

electricité in the Jazz
difficult, jazz has rested very acoustic
*Miles Davis turned this around, turns jazz to modern age
*
excellent album: Bitches Brew
he adds uncommon 'electric' elements
- Piano Fender
- added Basist electrique
- effects: reverb, echo chambers, flangers etc
*
Herbie Hancock
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock
album sextet
rhytm / jazz + pop + très sec + experiment
*
walter carlos = wendy carlos
album: switched on bach 
Orange mécanique
soundtrack made by carlos
Intertreations of Bach by synthesizer
*
Don't forget also to listen to Laibach's super album
LAIBACHKUNSTDERFUGE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAIBACHKUNSTDERFUGE
Fugas par ordinateur
*
progrock -> want to make new classical music through rock
krautrock -> (rock 'herbe' en Allemand)
*
"Until around 1973, the word "Deutsch-Rock" ("German Rock") was used to refer to the new groups from West Germany.[11] "Krautrock" was originally a humorous term coined in the early 1970s by British disc jockey John Peel[12] or by the UK music newspaper Melody Maker, in which experimental German bands found an early and enthusiastic following, and ironically retained by its practitioners.[13] The term derives from the ethnic slur "kraut", and its use by the music press was inspired by a track from Amon Düül's Psychedelic Underground titled "Mama Düül und Ihre Sauerkrautband Spielt Auf" ('Mama Düül and her Sauerkrautband Strike Up').[14][15][16] According to author Ulrich Adelt, it should be noted that "kraut" in German can refer to herbs, weeds, and drugs.[17] Other names thrown around by the British music press were "Teutonic rock" and "Götterdämmer rock".[17]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krautrock
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Holger Czukay (Can)
debut world music
*
short history of Kraut: 
https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2010/mar/30/elektronische-musik-krautrock
*
Harmonia
pas de synthesiser, mais electronique pur: oscilateurs ...
influence sur Brain Eno + David Bowie (low, heroes, lodger)

Kraftwerk
Autobahn - synth pop 

Jamaica : raggae is born - shadow is dub music 
Music is expensive : installed sound systems (truck with loads of speaker riding around everywhere) 
Dub : keep the drums + free space to put whatever we want : usually "toaster" : on blank space or B-side they would tell their stories
-> this is how dub is born ! 

Dub is open to new creation, still in use today! 

Jamaica :
    -King Tubby 
    -Lee Perry 
-> ark studio (directly on the ground)

Junior Marvin - Root Strain 
1st version then, one that is dub 

Color Box - baby I love you so
-> white guys, mix with western sounds

Digidub : 
Use of electronics for Dub music


HipHop culture : breakdance+graffitti+rap

DJ coolher : reusing that one moment that is groovy in a song by adding another turntable with the same disc, and make them overlap

GrandmasterFlash is aslo

West Street Mob - Breakdance

Music is made from samples, so we can make some other music that is not only for party 
darkening of the genre - but keeping a unique groove 

Eric B Rakim - Follow the Leader 
telling a story

Gansta Rap has the same sample all over again 



Turntable gives space for a lot of audio recycling 
experimentation that comes from the popular 

Christian Marclay - More Encore (album)
(CH) plasticien/musicien 
each song is named after the one he steals music from 
 
 Christian Marclay - Callas
 (monthy python-esque haha) 
 

That's it! 
(no time to get to techno and more!)
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