ttp://pad.constantvzw.org/p/possiblebodies.index ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
https://framacalc.org/biomedicalimaginations -- grasping different techniques

http://pad.constantvzw.org/p/possiblebodies.nicolas -- conversation with Nicolas

https://www.hackster.io/the-swiftpi-team/hc-sr04-ultrasonic-measurement-with-swift-cbae72?ref=channel&ref_id=25870_trending___&offset=10
https://www.sparkfun.com/products/13959

https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/bmdmm8/ai-matches-docs-in-diagnosing-rare-eye-condition

Seda:

Corinna Bath mathemetician
Alexander Voss ethnography mammography
http://doi.org.ololo.sci-hub.io/10.1259/bjr/37646417
https://libgen.pw/download.php?id=1472196


Preparing visit Diagnostic imaging

MRI, CT

Before the imaging: stabilizing, preparing, positioning, orienting, registration

Consequences for the body, changes to the (human?) body as a result of the imaging process

Trying to understand time/timing of those proces

Difference between tomography and xray

Visual Clinical 


-----

Exscription of internals from living patients, not just dead (changes in pathological anatomomy)

Legal consequences of seeing the fetus

'How thing works' has implications, on the level of legal issues in software, in bodies, ...

how algorithms travel from one technologies to others

when volumentric imagination crosses software, the software changes

tomography trying to take perspective outof the body to later re-make it. // 
everythime you feel "just like" but "not at all" // there is high-res imaging but with a sea of calculation between the capture and the render // and the render is really of a completely different nature.

>> keep the fiction of unity unquestionable, at the end.
>> suspend judgement during calculations, to later on resettle humanism.

torrent protocol: fragment first into bits and later recompose
cultural unit A <-----> cultural unit B: but what happens in between, what computational processes
here: cultural unit is not changed (?)

technologies of the volumetric belong to the same cultural paradigm, but it is dangerous.
Problem: the body is not a cultural unit. "don't worry, you'll get the body back"

through the diital we've learned to understand those traspositions as non-invasive // the downloading the torrent has a checkzone
we've learned to understand that the copy is the original - and this is also exciting, as it does away with the economy of scarcity.

cultural manipulation of matter, travelling from industry to another -- this intensifies this impression of un-touching.

this is why the idea of circulation of the digital is dangerous when it is applied to "believe" as a trope

moralist: your image is 'the same' as 'you', ... calling the 3D printed image, your child

what if we take it as a mishearing, what is the potential, how can we learn to relate to these processes for what they are (fragmentary, plane, etc). How to get rid of the promise of the volumetric unit re-emerging "untouched" back at the end, what comes in its place? How is the touching expressed, tangible, legible at the other end of the process?


Kim preparation

Some tour through gut feminism
Some of tactics of renaming bodily operations?

Nicolas preparation




Notes from "using 3d modeling techniques to enhance teaching of difficult anatomical concepts";)
(was drawn by this exciting title ;-))of course you were :P

1. Joseph Paul Jernigan (the man who donated his body to the visible human project) became the standard for 3d anatomy. All digital images circulating under the reference 'atlas' seem to somehow originate from this dataset. This is seen as a problem (i guess only because it is clear his body is not 'in the norm'). Visible human project = interface/transition between anatomy through cadavers and digital imaging.
2. Current use of 3d anatomy, due to tools such as slicer, makes it possible to do anatomy on images from living people <- so slicing does not need to be physical but can happen on screen, right? MRI and ultrasound are other ways of providing photographic slices, without physically needing to cut the body up. / ok. But how are the basic inputs gathered They are 'anomyzed' datasets from patients, through magnetic resonance imaging. ok, i get it.  so often people that have problems, or suspected problems. and magnetic came after echo? I think so, but i am not sure about the history of MRI. ok, we can look for a bit of that. There is also CT, tomography, that seems to be another line of work.
3. Rotation and changing perspective is considered to be essential for understanding 'difficult anatomical concepts' ha! ok. 

and some more words from the conversation with pierre (getting notebook):<. nice! how come he has such a vocabulary!? we were looking at imaging tech together, he has a love for words that help to describe the graphic, which is somehow not the same as the visible/visual it seems with him -- super. graphic = more related to typography, line, motion./ i keep having this discussion with Ona, as photo-graphy has the graphics but when they talk about image and/or visual cultural objects they don't let in so easily the typo-, etc.
yes, so pierre asked me to comment on a text he tries to write on curves, because he feels the world of dots/pixels is overpowering the graphic. super interesting, yes
anyway, was super stimulating for opening up some of the issues we seem to run into. I was super happy with the 'echogenic' and 'kurtosis' terminology discovery.

Echogenic -> Pertaining to a structure or medium (for example, tissue) that has internal echoes. Cf. hypoechoic, hyperechoic, and anechoic, which refer, respectively, to paucity, abundance, and absence of echoes displayed in the image of a structure.
:-) 
paucity? what is that? so many new words ...
the water-medium-> http://een.iust.ac.ir/profs/behnam/medengprinc/ultrasound/history/Scenes%20from%20the%20history%20of%20ultrasound_files/slide4.jpe
ahh yes, this came up. we watched an engineering instruction video on ultrasound.
i've been lookinga bit to the history of ultrasound and of course there is where we find the evident link to radar and sonar. Another key word: echolocation. The issue is that it started in the medical and scaled up to the territry due to 1st W.war moment. Not the opposite.
wow. so started in medical?! interesting!! yes! but okay, you tell me this first and then go to history otherwise it'sa mess.
ok!<3
wait, you mean i tell you more on my tram rides?hahah yes please! :-)
i started reading one more, "multi-slice-to-volume registration for MRI-guided transperineal prostrate biopsy" phew. those titles ... not finished yet, but it seems there are issues with MRI-location too. Problem: "The prostate is a soft tissue organ attached only by connective tissues. Therefore, it can shift, rotate, and deform differently from the surrounding structures. Biomechanical modeling of the organ behavior during biopsy is extremely complex since its parameters and material properties can vary between patients."
with location? what do you mean there?
so if i understand well, they want to do prostrate-motion tracking to make sure they know where the prostrate is :-P
but as they don't know how to do that yet, they use 3d mapping tech to trace the changes in time, to interpolate/guess the position of the organ
anyway, seems 'registration' (is the organ moving in the same way as the models predict) is an issue. Or maybe it is prostratelocation. Pff not sure if anything useful in here.
[and i found this study on the Visible Human project i'll read, no mention of software projects whatsoever!!]
"registration" is coincidence?! I don't know much about it yet (other than from graphic practice, 'registration marks') but there seems to be two stages of work in biomedical imaging: registration first, and then the segmentation can begin.

soo... history!

so, 3 axis from my side:
    1) history of echolocation.Basically this book is super interesting: https://muse.jhu.edu/book/21079 // i would like to read it and understand the connections bewteen the biomedical experiments to the military and back. AND there is an issue with scale jump here also, of course: from body to territory/ocean.
    2) i would like to draft a political problematisation of the medical system that is not only feminist but intersected. agree about the intersected perspective, but 'of the medical' ... is there a way to focus you see?. With the socioeconomical, for example. And ofcourse the technocolonial ties to it. So i don't know if theinvention of the clinic by Foucault is the thing, or if we could attempt other bodies like that of illich? http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/pubhealth/rosner/g8965/client_edit/readings/week_2/illich.pdf ((this is for thinking on how to draw our frame for hangar, materially but also discursively)) I read halway through the Illich (yet another tramride, advantage of rain ;-)) wow, you're super effective!!!! euh am reading rather diagonally, in this excitement/light panic mode of 'where are we going with this' :-) Anyway, i think it helps for thinking DIWO imaging, though in a way I think he's saying: it is not the biomedical that needs to change, it is the context that needs to change. Now curious for axis 3!! //i've read somewhere"the social roles of the obstetrician" and felt quite shocked. oh this is also in the illich? no, on the history of echolocation one. the part you linked seems a general critique of the biomedical ok! so what shocked you?the "social role" recognition, so explicit. 
    3) Barad/ matterings/ intra-action / agency. checked the two versions we have of the same text and the chapterof "meeting the universe..." is alittle newer, at least in publishing dates, so...
how was it to read it again, after opening the box of 'echolocation'?no no, i did not re-read it yet. Just printed it and stared at it :-/ haha. i wanted to re-read it in the tram, but diverted to the one on anatomy ;-)
ifeltlike i printed it with a too small font for Barad :-/ hahaah

btw, just small anecdote, i was looking at this text from pierre and he was writing about 'a french curve' and i did not know what he meant. and later in the text, he explains it as a 'lesbian curve', the text rather interesting in doing almost ahmedian disorientations on straight and queer so i thought it was his franglish somehow, and then i asked .. look: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian_rule
hum??
haha if only ahmed had thought of that!
WHAAAAT!???? but but  but this is fantastic!!! hihi good, no? AMAZING -- it's the story of the day, for sure!!! its the kind of things pierre somehow seems to find
so tell me: what are the characteristicsof the french curve, then?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_curve so these are 'fixed' curves, the lesbian one is flexible :-D
let me find his text on it for you hahahahaaaaahaha
btw it is French Curve and Lesbian Rule :-PPPP -- text in mail (super strange) thnx!


ok so how to 'rotate' our feminist readings in an intersectional direction. Do we need to look harder for post-colonial critiques of the digital?  <- that would be very interesting but i don'tknow if we have strength/time for all in 10 days? 
haha no for sure not. SO. How do we leave space for this and bring it as a need without feeling overwhelmed by too many corners?I think I feel it is super urgent, and in the case of the biomedical it is hard to avoid the essentialist feminist again. Yes, absolutely. when we say technocolonialism we mean this also, right? so how not only saying it but bringing it to our hands-on-tools moments, for example? or to the focus that defines the decision of what to use time for? // i mean, i'm with you, i agree.
so if we look at the 'tensors' again with this question/urgency -- can we maybe make a step?ok, let's try.

tensors
General PB tensors:
possible-probable
image-imagination // image+activation
body as a construct: tech and body mutually constructed/constituted

Specific for Rotation ii:
2D-3D-2D-3D // volume+metrics (computations between dimensions, from violent flattening to shiny objects and back again)
hearing-mishearing // sound+understanding
segmentation-contour // entity making+limitation
bio-medical-spectacle // territorial industry: borders, extractivist, colonial -> somehow industries of segmentation too, right? industries of location/capture/registration // "registration" is difficult to understand for me this way and i suspect it's due to a trnaslation issue, because in spanish it's mainly used as "recording" ah, no. it is more 'alignment' ok, chip switch ;) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_registration -- this is my chip referenceWOW, ok. This was mine: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_registration i mean i think we're on the crossing of both, somehow?maybe, ok.


----

echogenic/anechoic (a proper way of saying: visible/invisible on an ultrasound) 
kurtosis (way of detecting borders through differences in sharpness, rather than contrast)

threshold
interpolation
contours
outline
prosection
dissection

[just a curiosity: a digitized¿? anatomic theatre http://www.uitgeverijmicromys.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/tumblr_lij1zmMj2t1qip27qo10_r1_1280.jpg]

Notes while searching for origins/history of echolocation and the obstretic-insdustrial complex, 13 July


Notes Meeting Pierre H, 13 July

The American Body in Context: An Anthology -- has a text on Joseph Paul Jernigan
Visible Human Project https://libgen.pw/download.php?id=507364

"As I have demonstrated, all anatomical production is based on sacrifice, the death and dis-integration of some in order to enhance the health of others. In the recent history of anatomy the earlier, steep hierarchies of biopolitical value between the anatomised and those who benefit from anatomy have been attenuated to some extent."

http://offbeat.topix.com/story/11415
https://hackaday.io/project/9281-murgen-open-source-ultrasound-imaging
http://hackaday.com/2015/05/04/hackaday-prize-entry-a-low-cost-open-source-mri/

Pierre Curie -- Piezoelectric Transduceer. Et Marie?

http://drawingcurved.osp.kitchen/

AIRE LIBRE : LES IMAGES MÉDICALES BRISENT LEURS CHAÎNES
Quentin Noirfalisse
Contrôlée par des géants capitalistes, l’imagerie médicale, essentielle aux soins de santé, s’ouvre au logiciel et au matériel libres. La preuve avec Orthanc, logiciel belge primé, et echOpen, un échographe portatif qui pourrait profiter aux pays du Sud. Dans le Médor n°2 sur les pages 121–122.

Notes Tuesday 11 July

clusters of questions: sonography, segmentation, presence, from-sound-to-image, biomedical DIWO, from 2D-to-3D, agents at stake in this image-makings, 

Is segmentation "defining the border between parts"?
How does mesh-technology necessitate segmentation work, how do they 'grow together', culturally, politically, technically?

FS: I have been quickly looking at the work of Karin, also after natacha presented her project at constant friday. not sure how to connect to this without getting lost)haha ok, let'sjust put it all and then cut/reorient/focus -- i am already lost! -- maybe it's about bringing in the "patient"'s agency? yes, i think it is important, so want to acknowledge it but the DIWO for me goes until developing other tools, other .. ah no, doesn't help. ok, need to think.haha <3 // we can use this to problematize the passivity of patient and perhaps ask her to work around that, just as the circlusion operation? Hmmm, I think I keep on asking myself how the 3d-tracking/modelling/ etc enters, and ends. Yes. Ok, True. Let's stick to volumes.I think that is interesting, but we need to do it in a way that can ask questions on agency, so I don't really know where euhm .. to draw the line ;-)



fields:
echographies/ultrasound
segmentation
border/contour work
biomedical imaging
biomedical DIWO
machine learning
from 2D-to-3D
from-sound-to-image
anatomy 
dissection
naming

attitudes:
representational/referential?
fictional/speculative
descriptive
first-time-encounter (?)
gynepunk
renaming / decolonizing and un-producing the body
visit to the lab, in situ
fast self-publishing (zines)
guided tours
software/hardware-exploration / hands-on-tools
scaling up and down/zooming in and out (from cell to organ to individual to universal body?)

tools:
ITK (image)
slicer (image)
echoOpen (sound + image)
ultrasound (sound + image)
open CV (image -- I think?? maybe not only)

cultural objects/representations/projects: (i don't know how to call these?)
visible human project
non-diagnostic imaging
biomedical imaging
fetus-in-Barad
tools as cultural objects?! (I want to merge this with the list above ... maybe not exactly the same?the thing is if we merge t maybe. just that i am not so interested in slicer as a tool, but more as a cultural ob yes, yes, i share that too.ject ... ok, let's see!

people/collectives on Rotation II
Kym Ward + Karisa Senavitis (gut feminism, traces of identification in healthcare data, tech-feminist health practice, digital objects of collective care, interfaces of quantification, health extitutions, comminities of affected, )
Nicolas Maleve (image, (hi/stories of) computer vision + contour, machine learning)
Paula Pin/Pechblenda (gynepunk, sound + aclinical hardware)
Sara Lafuente (biotechnoeconomies, production of eggs, bio-objects)
Ona Bros (medical photography, images of the pharmacopornographic, visual orgasmology)
Mercé Ardevol (lab practice, clinical image interpretation, diagnosis)
Max Lehner (at the distance, tracking the rotations)
Mar Medina (criticism on anatomy, uni-lateral muscles, multidirectional tissues)

tensors ? 
General PB tensors:
possible-probable
image-imagination // image+activation

Specific for Rotation ii:
2D-3D-2D-3D // volume+metrics (computations between dimensions, from violent flattening to shiny objects)
hearing-mishearing // sound+understanding
segmentation-contour // entity making+limitation
bio-medical-spectacle //

 <-- not sure this is specific enough, but i feel i need to spend some time with those cultural objects. there is something in the 'making comparable of bodies' (aahhh not sure i say this correctly) data-fi-cation that passes through imagery yes, totally. Can you explain "comparable of"?.
ok, i try .. there is a lot of 'calibration' going on <- how? what with?, so that the tumors, the uterusses, the hearts become segment-able, preferrably algorithmically. So i feel on the level of probable/possible there is something going on with those techs/tools.<- yes, for sure; we used to repeat that in (para)metric tools lays the difference between the probable and the possible, didn't we? yes, exactly. so the parameters are not so much expressed as sliders here, but they are present in different ways./ so maybe we need to continue the search for the makers of the probable body?
calibration .. the 3mm slices, the way people are stuck (held still) into mri machines, the way the ultrasound gets regulated to detect a baby, the research on autodetection of tumors, ...
WP: "Calibration in measurement  technology and metrology is the comparison of measurement values  delivered by a device under test with those of a calibration standard of  known accuracy"/ allright. Back to the standards. Good, this helps.(i am super basic, i know) hey, it is how we work right: asking each other 'how' and than things start to open up.yes:)
so let me try to connect this to segmentation, and maybe this helps -- 
please, continue. i suspect here's the key for our frame.
so if you look at the way these tools work, they use the drawing of a contour, a border around a body-part (let's say: uterus) to auto-detect the same 'object' (sorry, trying to get clear, might need a few tries) in different 2d images, in order to reconstruct/compute/calculate it as a whole, a perfectly separated, recognizable 3d-rendered body-part that is completely closed. It is made into an uterus (and nothing else), everything around it, is not an uterus either. So the contour-drawing is where the parametric is at work somehow ? but why is this called "parametric"? Hmm. (this we need to ask to nicolas) The contour-drawing calls the help of all kinds of other tools/tech to extrapolate from the separation between two parts. Meaning: contrast, texture can be recognised from here. 
The drawing of the border is somehow key in entering the ultrasounded images into the anatomical standards, to litterally, through naming and drawing, make it enter. Yes, this i follow.
i have a question: how does a contour, 2d-graphical or 3D-isolated entity turn into a standard? is it due to patterns of form, or of dimensions, or of location, or...?
it seems (again, early days!) that the contour is roughly drawn by 'professionals (doctor, analist, researcher)', and the software continues to bring those sketchy designations to its ultimate consequence, in conversation with the 'professional'. It is more, i feel that the standard turns the merky/muddy imagery into body-parts?
hmmm i see. that is very very interesting -- because it closes the mesh of the discipline corpus. Anatomy started unable to get rid of the "organs" and "limbs" paradigm, and biomedical 3D imagery closes that circle, still unable to get rid of that same paradigm but with other processing systems. Well, this is a suspicion or a hypothesis ;) (hahah i will soon write spanglish!!haha, we're working hard on it) i have, i think we could work with. So this is why i smell something with the contour-segmentation thing. Which makes total sense in the strange 'image-slices' (undoing the anatomical, for a little bit, suspending it, and soon back to it unforgivingly!) in the visible human project and yes, the force which with it needed to return is incredible, almost overshooting the mark and returning to 19th century.absolutly, even exaggerated. So this is something we have seen in MakeHuman somehow, how the pretension of possibillity is in fact all about the probable, but .. backward? Like: possible is too scary somehow?

"quantitation of anatomical structures and pathology"<- why did you crystalize this sencence? as a proposal?

just had forgotten about quantitation, as a term
different to "quantification"? yes, i think so -- let me look again ok
apparantly it is the same https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantification_(science) (redirected from ...)
ok, somehow projected something else (THE POSSIBLE;)). never mind :-)

so

btw Maria Ptkq has a reference to Visible Human in Soft Power (obviously), don't know what she said about it but forgot to think about this book in here, until natacha brought it.
i waspreciselythinking that at some point it would be great to think about the materiality of soft and hard tech. But i somehow felt this did not fit in Rotation ii?
i brought this very designerly book from Arles, by Beatriz Colomina and Mark Wigley: "are we human?"and they bring the soft in.
ah yes saw it i think in Het Nieuwe Instituut. a bit hard to look at <- graphically, politically, both ehm the graphics made me doubt the politics i think!? yes, i felt similarly. I can not speak yet, but i have it hereto check./ Good you resisted graphic rejection :-P. not as trained as you on that, i guess... :-/ but colomina i think is really good. and wigley did the book on constant nieuwenhuijs that martino + co scanned and torrented.

hey can we maybe think a bit on ona's contribution, how you see/feel/imagine that?
yes, she's asking.
hmmm.. so: the story is: in last year's relearnat calafou, spideralex asked the group which were the books that moved us most lately, and kym answered that "Orgasmology". I took note of the title, as Ona was by then starting her research on porn industry from wihin. And she bought it and read it. And in that book she found a very nice story that she emailed to me when we were in stuttgart, which goes as follows: 
-> it starts with a statue by Bernini. It represents Teresa's rapture/trance. But Lacan looked at it and he said she was basically coming. 
in 1863 Guillaume-Benjamin Duchene published the 3 volumes of "Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine", with a study on the face's muscles and human expression. His wish was to systematize a grammar of expression, decypher what he believed an universal language made by god. the electrophysiological method consisted on applying electrical shocks on certain muscles of his patients/models (!). Models, because these experiments were photographied, being one of the earlier applications of photography on medicine. // in oneof the sections of the book he apparently affirms he has discovered the muscle of lascivia/libido (eh my anatomy .. ah, ok!). It isa muscle that crosses the arch of the nose, known by anatomists as the transversal part of the nasalis muscle. (Ah he was mixing cause and effect?) apparently yes. But Duchenne affirms that Bernini failed in representing ecstasy of celestial love because he was not distinguishing between those little muscles. So, to show it he took one of his patients (female) and -dressed with the chestopen and cross hanging on chest- placed an electrode on her "nasalis" to contract it. In the outcome image/photo the teresa's ecstacy isnot only "better" but also him hid his glasses and the technical device at the margin of the image. 

ahh trying to find that image ... is it reproduced in the book?
i think so, yes.

so this made methink that it could be interesting to track these kind of technological connections through areas of representation in the medicine and the porn. Perhaps like a brief hi/story of early uses of technical image in medicine research. And also the implications towards the kind of constructed and/or invisibilized subjects all along (like Anarcha, a bit?)
yes, ok. 
but here 3D/volume is in the behaviour of the body and its technical manipulation togenerate, afterwards, a 2D image, isn't it?
i am not sure, how .. but i am interested in trying to make the/a connection, through one or more 'tensors' maybe. I toldher we were reducing a lot the public moments and that the rest will be us conversing with friends on their topics and throught their materials, and she felt much more comfortable with this second attitude :)
yes, i would say: it would be great if she could spend an afternoon with us to discuss
yes, and i would like her and you and sara and kym to meet. so do we need to structure that meeting somehow, with a/some questions or framing? <- yes. May we go for the last 15m to our schedule on the other pad? ok let's update our lists and look again at the agenda for the days?yes http://pad.constantvzw.org/p/possiblebodies.hangar
she'll also come with us to the hospital, of course. that is a greeeaaat way to prepare the 2d-3d-2d-3d continuum/questions/issues

and also... we are lacking a bit the locals!!!!:-/ haha we cannot afford them ;-) :(

i don't know. she'll be busy with a work she has to present actually the 28th in Hangar, so... just in case we think it's interesting...
oh! that's not great. what is she presenting? i mean ... is that something we can just go to?<-yes, it will be public, although probably in catalan or spanish? :)
remember in Hangar that day there are a lot of activities going on, organized by the resident artists? that's why they asked us to move our public day to one day earlier.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa
https://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/251963070/bernini-ecstasy-of-st-teresa-plaster

body-human-health-collective // biopolitics+pathologization    [this one is probably too wide] <-- hihi i have slight panic, with this .. but we need to find a place for it somehow/yes, but it does not need to be now if we are not comfortable yet I feel my understanding/relation to it is really 2nd hand somehow. 7// hahaha i feel that way with all the rest also! my understanding of 3D, image, sound, contour...hahah 3rd hand! hohoho ok maybe after 7nd hand it starts to feel great?!;)
So .. are we getting any closer to some kind of 'rigour' (i mean, between us, no fear) or not at all?we are on our way.

"The third dimension makes all the difference" http://www.up.ac.za/3-dimensions


Notes from Friday 7 July

so: Nicolas very interested in the connection between biomedical imaging and 'contour'. For him, in visual culture texts, there is a critical understanding of background and foreground (so the politics of making something appear and dissappear) that can be partially used, but when it comes to segmentation (definining the border between parts), there is other issues at stake (they are related, but not the same <- you mean contour and segmentation? in this case, background/foreground and contour). The contour is something processed/produced by the algorithm and this is exactly his field of research. 

http://editorialconcreta.org/Vandalist-Iconophilia

interesting!

so contour connects in my head much more immediately to "presence" than segment; i don't know exactly how to explain that link, but it does. 

In  relation to sound, though? how might we fix to that frame?

ah sorry -- no colours -- i become you :-) <- and i like that :)

there is the 'marking' of something through drawing the contour.

in sound, i think ... for example voice-to-text has similar issues: algorithms that detect words, but this is always based on pre-established patterns.

i think on RADAR. that is presence and present (time) 

haha no idea about radar, but excited about new connections.

so, Nicolas will be at Laurence's parents but with good connection so we can call/discuss with him any time after the 22nd <- NICE NEWS! let's invent a nice way :)

but with "sound"i meant that our focus with this second rotation will be imaginations of the body produced within or related to the biomedical that depart from sound phenomena, right? like echo and radio?

hmmm yes, the thing is with the visualising/segmentation the problems of computer vision come in. so i got really interested in those connections, but they are after the ultrasound. not sure how to connect it back yet, and if it is too much or not.

hmmm yes, it is important. At least for us internally, to know where we start looking and where we stop. Otherwise it gets too wide and for us it's super interesting because it's firsttime we look at it, but whenever you talk to someone working with these tech on a daily basis it's like "but...ehm...of course" and then the political question vanishes a bit?

how does the political question vanish you think?maybe when it is not contoured? ;)
haha. 
no, really. Let me try to explain. // it's a very personal issue, probably, but i sort of feel that to study things with rigour and joy i need a frame settled in the shape of a question or an inconformity or a toolkit or a method or xyz, and to keep it in mind while exploring the materials and objects and voices i'll find on the way to understanding or enquiring; otherwise it can become "everything comes". BUT the frame should be of course porous so if we find some path away of it that is more interesting we should have the means to grab it and not be handheld to the initial shape. So this is the difficul equilibrium for me when researching. 

yes. understand and completely respect/agree, also not afraid rigour and porousness are mutually exclusive, especially not with you :-)
sooo ... for me focus/framing is a mix of things, on different levels. not sure how we can do it in a more useful way, or somehow get closer to a sense of contour this time
may we draft the constellation we've been navigating these days, here?
you mean that we will be? sorry, just trying to understand
no, i mean what we've been blurbing -- to see it now alltogether almost as a diagram/wishlist and see if our initial suspiction is still valid or if we might re-formulate
ahhh yes yes. haha i am never good with diagrams (whether textual or graphical), but completely impressed by your ability to go for them.

recapituling:

fields:
echographies
segmentation
biomedical imaging
machine learning

attitudes:
fictional/speculative
descriptive
first-time-encounter (?)
gynepunk
renaming / decolonizing and un-producing the body
visit to the lab, in situ
fast self-publishing (zines)
guided tour
software/hardware-exploration / hands-on-tools

tools:
ITK (image)
slicer (image)
echoOpen (sound + image)
ultrasound (sound + image)
open CV (image -- I think?? maybe not only)

cultural objects/representations/projects: (i don't know how to call these?)
visible human project
non-diagnostic imaging
biomedical imaging
fetus-in-Barad

people/collectives
Kym Ward
Nicolas Maleve (image)
Paula Pin/Pechblenda (sound + image)
Sara Lafuente
Ona Bros (medical photogaphy)
Her aunt;)
Max Lehner (at the distance)
Mar Medina (criticism on anatomy?)


yes, we know how to do it. we've done it before. It's just that every time we need to take care of it, in a situated/different way that helps us doing it :)

i mean... how do we stick to the "imagined mishearings" framework we proposed to ourselves? -- there is a lot to enjoy there!

i don't know ... it is maybe because i really like to look at software, and the echoopen framework is not so accessible to me at the moment, i have // or because we are very used to "look" at things, in general? --> i am not sure, obviously my toolset is better prepared for images than for sound //  no tools to think with it, to make it into a thinkingmachine while that happened immediately with the slicer constellation.

i think it is just an issue of narratives. If we travel trough tools and sw within the framework of those that have a stake in producing images after sound, then maybe we are in a "safe place" ?
sorry for the "cut", it's just that i need to know a bit our focus/frame to be able to totally enjoy the digging ;)

no you are right to question, i just don't know right now how exactly sound and image are linked in these practices, so i think (also following our intuition in the title/frame) that is something to look for.

yes, i think it can be fun also

so, when we think of what/who we might need, we might think about people that can think with us on ultrasound-segmentation (?!?) in some way. aaaargh have no access to that field yet, but am super interested.

yes, totally. I agree very much on this.

so, besides wendy I don't really know who to think of ... it is so not my field :/









[this list I started preparing for Nicolas]

1. Openecho
2. 3D-Slicer
3. Karen Barad: Getting Real (in: Meeting the Universe Halfway)

A project from Liege: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthanc_(software)

medical nemesis (ivan illich): http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/pubhealth/rosner/g8965/client_edit/readings/week_2/illich.pdf


More concise notes on 3D-Slicer: http://pad.constantvzw.org/p/possiblebodies.slicer

hey i have been exploring some of these softwares
(11:00:28 AM) FS1: super interesting, and helpful
(11:00:54 AM) FS1: for now i am settling for '3D Slicer'
(11:01:00 AM) FS1: ohh those names
(11:01:11 AM) jxxx: hahahahah
(11:01:13 AM) jxxx: 3D slicer
(11:01:17 AM) jxxx: okay, guide me please
(11:01:35 AM) FS1: so it is 'not for clinical use' but developed by harvard
(11:01:53 AM) jxxx: haha
(11:01:54 AM) jxxx: ok
(11:02:27 AM) FS1: comes with loads of sample data, MR-scans and ultrasound (all 2D) 
(11:03:00 AM) FS1: but the 2D is from 3 angles, so these softwares allow you to segment (a placenta, a tumor) and then render as 3D
(11:04:03 AM) FS1: 'segmentation' seems to be a big thing in these application
(11:04:26 AM) FS1: it is litterally pointing out where the 'object' is, separating it from the rest of the matter
(11:04:47 AM) FS1: so all the work in the software is about separation, cut, slice
(11:04:55 AM) jxxx: interesting
(11:05:03 AM) FS1: all image algorithms work towards this
(11:05:09 AM) jxxx: but tell me, which softwares are "these" you have been looking at?
(11:05:32 AM) FS1: so i looked at ITK-SNAP
(11:05:39 AM) jxxx: it's like triangulation?
(11:06:00 AM) FS1: eh 
(11:06:07 AM) FS1: lt me show you a video
(11:06:12 AM) jxxx: so what's the difference between object and matter?
(11:06:18 AM) FS1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fe1zyS2DC4k
(11:06:45 AM) FS1: so scroll a bit forward, you see how they are drawing the different segments on the b+w image
 so i started looking at ITK-snap
FS:11:08 it helped me understand the 2d - 3d thing
jxxx:11:09 the one my mom was talking about? :P
FS:11:09 in a way 3d slicer can do the same thing
FS:11:09 i think we can answer her at some point
FS:11:09 !
FS:11:09 but 3d slicer has many other imaging tools
FS:11:10 so i don't really understand yet what their actual goals are, if not clinical
FS:11:10 but i installed it, super smooth
FS:11:10 and the datasets are useful for us, to study
FS:11:11 plus it seems to function well with 3d printing
FS:11:11 so the pelvis you had, might have been produced with it
i see!

soo... i am needing a bit of time to check the community around it. but it is interesting for me that it is used in mixed environments, ie medical AND amateur.
the datasets so far are all human: heads, torso, braintumor ... some of the main tutorials are done by a Brain Imaging Scientist
wow
super anatomical canon, yes
yes. so what i don't understand yet, is if this segmentation work that seems very central to the imaging, if it is just because this software can, or that they want it from the software if you get what i mean. So we need to look at the history of that practice i guess.
hahaha "amateur" for what!? -- it's hard for meto imagine people amateuring slices :-/ just out of curiosity?
there seems a hardcore community of people that like to 3D print bones and skulls etc.
i see, ok -- it makes some sense... propioception?
eh what is that?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception

sorry, looking for some kind of mission statement for the project.
why sorry? :)
"Slicer continues to be a research package and is not intended for clinical use" ok.
so
wow, it's super weird how this SW brings movement in, on its interface i mean. Did you see the vertical slider? vertical for time!??weird!
yes!!
it is like this sliced human, remember? these images of travelling through the body
"3D Slicer ("Slicer") is an open  source, extensible platform for image visualization and analysis. Slicer  has a large community of users in medical imaging and surgical navigation, and is also used in fields such as astronomy, paleontology, and 3D printing."
astronomy?!
"surgical navigation"COME OOOOON
not bad, for interface studies
haha nope
i read somewhere yesterday that it's also usedin archaeology
that's also a very interesting time displacement --unity of individual whole human body, organic... but not alive andprobable enmeshed with earth/ground/soil and other materials and beings?
yes i am intrigued by that too. but astronomy is nice too, from the body to the stars!! yes!!! like from the cell to the cosmos ;)
ok, so surgical navigation belongs to the field of computer assisted surgery, interesting https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-assisted_surgery
principle 1: "Creating a virtual image of the patient". Method: segmentation. ok, bulls eye.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/StereolithographiemodellSchaedel.jpg/220px-StereolithographiemodellSchaedel.jpg
bone segment navigation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_segment_navigation
ohh we have entered a rich semantic cloud here!!
yep
btw, this reminds me of Haraway's speech on her jaws in the documentary, when she explains how  she discovered in a conversation with her ortodoncist that orthodoncy is actually based on the sculptural greek canon, but not "fleshy" anatomy even!
still haven't seen it! this is interesting, i find -- there is a lot of 'sculpting' in these softwares. it seemed, as they somehow hover between 'creative' tools and 'researhc', 'discovery'
oups, spoiler... sorry.
 --yes, it's quite "additive" isn't it?
indeed
ok, let's continue with surgical navigation
i want to look a little bit more in locating this tool, 30m or so? just to understand (it feels like a good anchor, with a lot of material to explore, but not entirely sure where it sits)
ok, i'llalso watch this video -- to see if i grasp something of its basic ideas/features
see you here at 12h? ok!
Hey -- I think Slicer could be our 'friend'. 
yes? tell me why :)
i mean .. it is tied into the idea of 'robot surgery' (what we found with the 'surgical navigation') in many ways, to begin with its history in the MIT AI lab.
"volumetric segmentation"?
well, that seems to be more generic term for identifying tissues, bones etc. this i haven't looked into yet.
ok
but is it given a clinical use? or non-clinical?
no, it is used for 'operation planning' of the robot stuff
and that is not considered clinical? (sorry, i miss the basics)
apparently not? 
ok
so it is used in heavy research projects on cancer, tumors etc. so not so much to directly treat individual patients, but to better understand illness? (I am also trying to grasp what this means)
ok
nice
(we'll need to read "the invention of the clinic", btw) YES
but also, and this i haven't put my finger on, it is used to prepare operations -- so this is where it becomes an interface to the clinical
oookay --sexy enough ;)
then, i tried to understand how it is used in different fields, the paleontology seems a bit of a joke, it is only one person i think
hahaha
but nice
sure
but the research use is impressive and will allow us to understand better how medical imaging actually functions
is it opensource?
yes!
cool
yes, this is exciting and it will be super helpful if we need to find people to look at it
do you think we can take it as our gravitational device for second iteration?
yes, i think so.
it is much 'larger' than makehuman, but has a great title to begin with
that's for sure, yes :)))
it is open source, in serious use, around for almost 20 years, more than 200 scientific publication based on it
a bit of jack the ripper 3D ;)
what is interesting, is that 3d printing needs the opposite move, to go from solid object to slices. It might explain why 
that's why they complement so well, isn't it? I suspect.
so that is interesting too.
also, what i did not realise was important for us, is that it is not linked to a specific device. so it means we can look at it outside the hospital/lab setting.
this also somehow talks about the research/non-clinical thing
isit just software, then?
yes, plus data. That part i haven't understood so well yet
but the scans are done with hw... and that might bring the slices of onesort or another?
yes.
so this is what happens "after acquisition" (oooohhh those terms)
<3
so if we combine this with openecho for example, we can look at both

hmmm -- do you think we could mix? like, scanning with sonoscopy and then using that data in Slicer?
this is what i would like to
yes, me too!
like go a bit oblique in what is supposed to be "sliced"
exactly.
so i/we need to figure out how an ultrasound is sliced
so we need to study a combo: openecho+slicer, right?
something like that.
so some opportunities also to talk to Nicolas, about image algorithms. There are a lot of those at work in slicer.
I am not entirely sure yet about the way ultrasound enters into slicer, so need to see. this would be ultimate, i think
yes
https://www.slicer.org/wiki/Slicer3:4DUltrasound_4D_US ah. US -- ok the acronym is all over, so it will be alright. 
UltraSound? ok (yes, sorry, only now got it!) what do you men "it will be alright"? i was not sure US (!) images would be applicable in Slicer, but they refer to it
ok i get it now 
all the time so there will be tools, options, ways for it.
hey, and now that you mention Nicolas... how about the machine learning path?
yes, and thinking about not safe for work images all the time if i see these algorithms pick out braintumors.
yes -- there is also a nice link
so we might have a triangulation ourselves?
what do you mean?

1. Openecho
2. Slicer
3. Karen Barad: Getting Real


we need a secific case, yes -- but just to know if these three would be too much or not -- Machine learning hmm that is super super big
so there is some algorithmic training going on in the detection, and segmentation. Not sure how to scale it yet, because the issue of machine learning is gigantic. But the fact that this tool comes from AI means it is going to be all there,
but ultrasound is gigantic as well, isn't it?
yes, but we did not make it a point in the triangle, we approach it through a specific hardware/software setup (even if it's not so much in the media recently) yes, that is why i asked if having a specific setup of machine learning woud make sense.
in a way, the setup is/will be in Slicer itself: through its history, and techniques applied. So i'd prefer to look at machine learning through the tool?
yes, fine --no prob with that, quite the opposite
don't getme wrong
i am not trying to force fit anything
just trying to see the possibilities and decide together where to look at to understand
and this explanations are very helful to me, btw
yes, super useful ... not meaning to block!!
ok wondering if Karen Barad's text needs to be point 4. Still wondering on Machine learning as a point.
wecan reread it before deciding, maybe?
I like the idea of 'triangulating' software with theory
me too

look at this, photography, 3D and slices: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_Human_Project
ah yes. some of the slicer plugins where originally developed for the visible human project it seems

& the alphabet industries of course: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZygoteBody
google health: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Health
https://zygotebody.com/ uff had not seen it yet. OK, needs looking into. 
yes
and the watermark also :((((

and tell me
ITK is a protocol, right?
It is a 'segmentation toolkit' https://itk.org/ITK/project/about.html
so I think it is like a library (this is the one that was developed for visible human project), that is used in other softwares.
ok, crossplatform. I get it.
"Insight Toolkit" = ITK :-( 
yes... so in-sight equals segmentation. wah.
Like QT is a toolkit for building queers;)interfaces. Blender uses QT too haha! It is of course what Zach Blas plays with (euh I hope)
(:-/ always behind his steps...)
http://www.zachblas.info/works/queer-technologies/

soooo ... we have lots of material for a series of fanzines!

WE DO! :))) NICE.
somuch tolearn, also
and starting to have a focus also
yes.
so here lunch time, almost. is it ok i break out for 40m or so?

oki'll check myself and decide if itravel or not
i want to re-read barad after
after you mean afternoon? today?
yes!
uf i won't be able to concentrate that much
(sorry,my neurons are really hungry...)
oh ok sorry did not want to push you!!
ok, i have lunch and we see what we do after xxxxxx
i think watching at videos is the most i can do today :(
(sorry, i promise to get better ASAP)
see you at 14h!

Hey, here!
Sooo... it is interesting, and intrigueing: the 'cut' in visible human, that led to the development of software/the ITK project. So I would like to follow that thread.
so first there was vivible human and from there they developed the toolkit?
yes
ok
and it is a toolkit for segmentation
segmentation is the same as slicing?
no but it is also a technology of separation? -- a making discrete of what was continuous? i mean .. it all works with digital fantasies of course. once discrete, you can go (back) to reconstruction, but inside the machine.
hilarious --- ifthis is not afer finitude, then what?:P

also, there is this issue with they slicing the man in slices of 1mm, and the woman in slices of 0.33mm
haha. 'wet van de remmende voorsprong' ie he was first, but she is more high res XDDD

"process of grinding the surface away is entirely destructive to the  specimen and leaves no usable or preservable “slice” of the cadaver"
yes
so they froze the body, and grated parts off
watch this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GPB1sjEhIQ <-ok, i'll watch this now

from the horizontal slices, they calculated vertical ones and from there ... 3D
so somehow these segmentation tools keep that history of 'slicing', even in their naming

oh wow! buthow come they could do horizontal and AFTER vertical!???(min. 1.59 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=loKtlZlp5HY)
if you know where the slices are, you can plot it
but then the verticalsare not photography?
no, they are rendered
ok
omg this floating in the ether images again...
yes. there is also something very odd with the horizontality, to make the body vertical for the slicing, but it was not standing when it died.
yes, totally. itwas frozen horizontally and sliced vertically
-- have to think of some of our floating work, styerl etc. 'computational horizon'
yes
and also check the anatomical paradigms that intersect here

pfffffff SHIT, the hippopotamus joke!!!!!
weird no? it is 2010 ...
o_0
of course the female voice-ordering is the science-fiction touch of a fake interactive interface
strange, no? but interesting, this part.

hmm no direct access to how ITK was co-constructed with the visible human project. they are clearly aligned "ITK was developed with funding from the National Library of Medicine (U.S.) as an open resource of algorithms for analyzing the images of the Visible Human Project." but need to dig further.
ok, nice place to dig into

so this is the same system they use in a way with MRI and segmentation software it seems.

ok i look a bit more into ITK in the mean time, and find you some other videos ;-)

so back to our plan, how can we somehow summarize the triangle?

re-pasting:

1. Openecho
2. Slicer
3. Karen Barad: Getting Real

NOTES ON SLICER: HERE http://pad.constantvzw.org/p/possiblebodies.slicer

one important question also would be: whhat is our focus?
i mean ... i would not mind to do a combined exercise, in a way to combine the leaflet and the makehuman text at once, on Slicer. But that does not answer the 'what is our focus' question.
hmmm i think i need to reformulate it --maybe it's not the focus as "outcome" but the attitude when looking at things: do we want to be descriptive or we can afford to invent-on-the-go? inventory-on-the-go :-P ok but by now our inventorying has been quite descriptive, non-fictional i mean
it's just a wonder eh? i don't know. It's just that seeing for example the hipopotamus joke i started imagining stupid connections that nevertheless can bring us some non-industrial nor usable air ;)
and also, to find ways to get around the VISIBLE and HUMAN
yeah
I am not sure, we have not done it yet, but I liked to see our final sentence in MakeHuman, "software CAN and MUST provide the material conditions for wild combinations or un-suspected renders"
YEAH!let's grab that cord.
so it helps me to have a "real" world anchor, but it really makes me want to push what is being rendered. Already, we have the hippotamus arrg and a dinosaour

there is the caw also, btw -- i saw it somewherein wikipedia -- di you see it?
ah, but that's a google april fool joke ... :-/ but maybe that is a thing, with anatomist, that they do these kind of jokes?
maybe!
they are similar, right? and yes, joke is described in wpedia
one is more lingüistic -- the hipocelamus (super technical language coming from classical anatomy) said orally and misunderstood by the machine... o_0  
true, quite good. we can play more with that, using anatomical language and mis-hearing it
hahahah yes!

okay. so

oh and also, remember the games we were doing with makehuman and replacing the language? this could be interesting to see if we can get into the translation files for slicer, and reword it.
ames?
yes, that is also a nice thing to retake
we can think of mockups too, for the fanzine.
yes!

ok sooo still not sure how to 'name' the subject matter, but sensing it quite strongly.
it's okay... we have almost a month to prepare
by now it can be very general/wide, like "sonographic imaging in the medical industry"?
btw think about ultrasound mishearings!
YEAH!!!I LOVE THAT! GOOD ONE!
:)))))

noisy 

yes

are we ok fictionalisisng from the beggining? (like in the writing for ADA journal on DIWO sonography?)
i like to flex our muscles in that, for the fanzine? i think we'll need to

ok so do you have energy to go back to the description? or you prefer to do that later in the week? not sure if they need it soon or not and what we need ourselves
they need it soonish but gave no dates. I mean, it's not a "need" but more that they would like to anounce on the website that we'll be there.
so for us it is now more urgent to decide on ... who do we invite
yes, that is more urgent and they both are ocnnected as one will shape the other
of course. 
I prefer to invite people, and the invitation email is drafting/sketching out the research somehow.
me too. ok, so.
i think it's good i go to sara's reading tomorrow. I'll make the effort. and i'll for sure enjoy it :)
are you sure?  if you enjoy it, go for it but will you make sure you have backup and places to rest (arrrgh sorry, i worry a bit about you)
yes, i'll be staying at my home in Madrid in Prospe, with my cousin<3
oooh that is nice
thanks for worrying:)
hmm not sure what it does, but also i feel you must have been exhausted a lot to get in there, already ... so it seems not just re-taking, but getting back to strength in a big way!!
well... yes. But as you see work never ends! (and i like what i work in, also...)
anyway, let's also keep that in mind for july (reminder to self)
yeph

i am going to look a bit at SICV i think, maybe Nicolas refers to people we could be interested in, more on Computer Vision (i think that angle is more interesting for us than straight machine learning)
agree! yes!
ok -- i'll get my ticket and be back in 5min
alright!
ok, done!

http://sicv.activearchives.org/logbook/how-to-develop-a-picture-from-a-corpses-eye/

wow! "develop an image from the retina of the last thing this man saw"

ok, so this is another round, still: the imaging not OF the body, made by technical apparatuses but THROUGH the body's apparatuses themselves!
ahh very good
soo, just to make it very simple: with the budget I think we can invite two nearby travellers or one that comes from a bit further.
so the question is, where do we need most help/what would excite us most/what do we not have access to in BCN?


ok nicolas' references all rather classic ... nobody still alive it seems ;-)
haha
i can ask him, if he knows anybody? or should we ask him maybe to come? he is working on the history of computer vision, and the non-coincidental connection to the lab being next to the lab where frogs where dissected ...
ithink with him we'll both feel confortable and we'll learn a lot together! i would love to share the process with him, YES!
i think asking himisa good plan, yes.


3D Slicer
Used a lot for/with 3d printing
Slicer - segmentation
sample data!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7oZygGp2ds

GYNECOLOGICAL PRACTICES/OBJECTS:

Or: [interactive lab]

Bringing the inventorising practice into the Hangar Interaction lab crossed with Gynepunk
Critique of acceleration, ease ... how to speak back to the cookbook?

Items (printing, scanning, modelling) from the inventory that we could look at:


Anarcha Gland https://anarchagland.hotglue.me/

What does it mean, looking/inventorising?
Is this about critiqueing maker communities, accelatorism (eh)?
How to jump to the political from concrete objects, projects

The implications of DIY
Diplomacy on many levels

Or:  [interactive lab or production grant]

To continue the work with MakeHuman, to bring the bugreport back to the community. To actually file the bugreport.
It would mean somehow engaging with its community?
[disobedient action research]

Or: [production grant]

A perspective studies session / standpoint theory problematisation / situated knowledges / orientations and phenomenology / crisis of presence
--> critique of The Universal and/or study of the particular universal in 3D standards of medical image modelling, or motion, or notation, or...

How?



magnetic resonance: https://www.myvmc.com/investigations/3d-magnetic-resonance-imaging-3d-mri/
comparison of 2D and 3D: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmri.21582/pdf

general vocabulary, revisited:
 *render:   http://www.thefreedictionary.com/render -> 

http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/
http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/BSM_start.html

http://www.terarecon.com/

advanced visualization

image-intensive specialists

viewing capabilities and advanced post-processing tools

multi-monitor diagnostic review

image acquisition devices

access to medical images
medical image management

view, interpret, process and share medical images

[patient perspective not present]

http://3dqlab.stanford.edu/

quantitative imaging
Radiology 3D

http://3dqlab.stanford.edu/research/

Acquisition techniques:

Rendering techniques:

Objectives:

electrical engineering, medical informatics, bioengineering, and computer science

http://3dqlab.stanford.edu/patient-care/

quantitation of anatomical structures and pathology, and diseases burden, to aid in diagnosis, presurgical planning and treatment monitoring.

Rendering techniques include: curved planar, oblique, and multiplanar reconstruction; average, maximum and minimum intensity projections; virtual endoscopy; and volume rendering. Real-time assessment of  anatomical structures in motion is achieved with 4D temporal rendering.

"This model was requested by a doctor to better visualize a right MIddle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm prior to treatment. As much of the surrounding  vascularity as possible was included in the model to test the  capabilities of printing thin, detailed structures in FFF/FDM  technology."

http://www.medicalmodeling.com/
"3D-systems, Formerly Medical Modeling"

"3D Systems' OsteoView™ modeling line was conceived to provide a lesser-expensive alternative to the gold-standard ClearView™  modeling line. These opaque white models are ideal for visualization of  complex deformities and with accuracy approaching that of our ClearView™ modeling line however due to the material they are not meant to be used inside the sterile field."

"The Craniofacial Model Skull Library™ was created by selecting  diagnosis-specific 3D CT datasets from the craniofacial deformities  imaging archive established by Drs. Jeffery L. Marsh and Michael W.  Vannier (maintained by Dr. Marsh) from 1983-2003 in St. Louis. Over 2000 CT scans were reviewed by Dr. Marsh and Dr. Chad Perlyn, with technical  assistance from Mr. Dan Govier, to identify those scans with the most  characteristic dysmorphology of the particular congenital anomaly prior  to any intervention. Patients or their legal representatives consented to use of the CT data and clinical information for educational purposes for both health care professionals and patients and their families  (Human Studies Committee approval was assisted by Dr. Alex Kane). Once  representative CT datasets were selected, life-size replica models were  produced using the process of stereolithography. The Craniofacial Model  Skull Library™ is now available to all interested individuals and  centers. The set has been made available exclusively through 3D Systems who  has provided design and technical assistance for the project. The cost  of the set is $3995 (plus shipping), which includes the set of 16 skull  models and a quality, wooden display case."
http://www.medicalmodeling.com/media/com_galleries/images/18_Craniofacial_Model_Skull_Library_Page/00%20Skull%20Library.jpg

"characteristic dysmorphology" // "congenital anomaly"

"life-size replica models were produced using the process of stereolithography"

"late-twenties white male", " the maxillofacial skeleton from this generally normal patient"
http://www.medicalmodeling.com/solutions-for-surgeons/reference-models/n-t-s-male

https://recognizingpathology.optos.com/

http://echopen.org/


From wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging

1 Imaging modalities
1.1 Radiography
1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
1.3 Nuclear medicine
1.4 Ultrasound
1.5 Elastography
1.6 Tactile imaging ---- wah https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactile_imaging
1.7 Photoacoustic imaging
1.8 Thermography
1.9 Tomography
1.10 Echocardiography
1.11 Functional near-infrared spectroscopy

2 Medical imaging topics
2.1 Image Gently and Image Wisely Campaigns
2.2 DICOM
2.3 Maximizing imaging procedure use
2.4 Creation of three-dimensional images
2.5 Compression of medical images
2.6 Non-diagnostic imaging
2.7 Archiving and recording
2.8 Medical Imaging in the Cloud
2.9 Use in pharmaceutical clinical trials
2.10 Shielding

http://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/home/pictures-of-the-future/health-and-well-being/medical-imaging-scenario.html
Second life
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DICOM

computer-assisted tomography
The problem of separating soft from hard tissue

machine learning and medical imaging:
https://www.elsevier.com/books/machine-learning-and-medical-imaging/wu/978-0-12-804076-8

open-source medical imaging
http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/opensource_mia_ws_2012/links.html