Devenir une plante par des microbes : la facture microbienne du végétal Marc André Selosse Ectomychorhize racine & champignon symbiose du pin mycorhizes réseau intercellulaire grandes cellules de la racine, et filaments du champignon organe conjugant deux espèces présents dans forêts européens, pas sous les tropiques 5% des plantes une racine fine sont en général des mycorhizes 80% des plantes sont endomycorhize c’est ce qui est présent dans les tropes ex mais filaments des champignons psont présents dans les cellules, sort de la racine et forme des spores sol est bourré de spores de ces champignons, gloméromycètes ex oignons de 3 mois, dans sol stérile vs sol stérile + mycorhize organe mixte plante cède partie des sucres/vitamines champginon cède partie de l’eau et des sels minéraux (N,P,K) agriculture a été développée sans tenir compte de ça, même en nuyant les champignons Aglaopython (400 millions d’années passées) elle n’a pas de racines, fait des spores filaments de champignons rentrent dans les cellules cellules plein d’eau (paroi mince) premières plantes terrestres exploraient le sol avec les champignons Acacia, Afrique fourmis nectarivores ils ramènent bouts de feuilles sucrés au nid, pour nourrir larves fourmis prêt à défendre l’arbre, ils attaquent d’autres insectes Les acariens pour les arbres feuilles de chène sont maisons pour les acariens ils se nourissent de germinations de spores, champignons, en se nourissant ils nettoyent la feuille la santé des feuilles dépend des acariens mycorhizes ont aussi rôle protecteur cellules bourrés de fénole (?), prémunit la racine et lui donne niveau de défense champignon ne remonte pas dans les racines ex Botrytis cinerea induit dans les feuilles de tabac mycorhizés avec Glomus maegarita et d’autres non mycorhizées → endommagement plus élevé dans non-mycorhizées → proteines qui digèrent les cellules du champignon Comment? Génome du champignon contient milliers de gènes qui codent pour des petites proteines elles peuvent passer dans les cellules parfois immunosuppressif, parfois immunostimulant plantes sont différentes des animaux cellules d’animaux sont touche-touche, pas vraiement de paroi qui les protègent plantes: parois permettent d’isoler l’oxygène qui circule, peut héberger champignon sans nuire la cellule ex Dichanthelium lanuginosum champignon protège de la chaleur La plante mais chloroplaste: lieu de la fotosynthèse, où le CO2 est transformé en sucres mais fait partie du groupe Eucaryotes mais leur plaste sont proches des cyanobactéries mytochondrie: partie de la cellule qui fait la respiration, utilisé la nuit 2 membranes, transforment sucres en CO2 → aussi dans le groupe des bactéries → le mais n’a pas une place Lynn Margulis, Symbiosis in cell evolution (book) Un arbre un tronc arbre petit: ramifié de la base → où sont ces branches quand l’arbre grandit? Quand l’arbre est isolé, les branches restent visibles pins importés: ils leur manquent des agents d’élagage microbactériel (?) branches a l’ombre sont attaqué par parasites, les champignons meurent près du tronc (n’arrivent pas à rentrer), ça donne le tronc sans branches connu de la forêt → c’est une sculpture faite par des microbes :-) autres sculpteurs de plantes: fourmis qui vivent sur les arbres, humains… Corse, forêt du Fango pas bcp d’espèces: 2: arbousiers, chènes verts deux seuls arbres qui peuvent accueillir des mycorhizes identifié par chercheur pdh, quel champignon/arbousier ou chène → 520 espèces de champignons 70% sur les deux espèces 25% sur le chène seulement 5% sur arbousier seulement plantes reliés par le même champignon, fait des réseaux champignons sont reliés par des plantes → réseaux plantes sans chlorophyl, certaines parasites sur racines d’autres racines, d’autres pas, ex orchidée: qu’est-ce qu’elles mangent? Ont des champignons dans les racines → qui sont les champignons? Ex Sebacina pleins de racines d’arbres emelées dans racines de l’orchidée, pas encrées dedans!!!! arbre nourrit le champignon, qui nourrit en partie l’orchidée → réseau transporte carbon, azote, fosfate! → plantes se nourissent des réseaux photosynthèse de l’orchidée ne passe pas très bien il respire plus la nuit ex. orchidées blancs ex Epipactis purpurata: deviennent rose quand ils ont (pas de?) chlorofyl La Fleur sabucus ebulus, sureau noir on en fait des sirops plante connus pour son odeur et volatiles qu’elle émet ex terpène sur la plante: tue bactéries LIVRE: Jamais Seul, Marc André Selosse prédation/compétition en font partie, mais aussi solidartié et coopération organisme n’existe plus (vision occidentale qu’il faut laisser tomber) holobionte sans limites le vivant est fait d’interactions, pas (seulement) d’organismes vision d’un réseau est plus riche ----------------------------------------- To the Vegetal, Intimately Špela Petrič, Slovenia artist working with plants trained in biology as scientist, gave inalterable intuition about plants after phd interested in how discourse shaped perception trying to unpack its influence in a personal way undermining techno-scientific centric vision born in the city trouble keeping plants alive research together with algae, growing with them been abducted by plants, they needed care the humalga xenogenetic cycle humalga: transspecies of human/algae genotypes of both organisms joined together project was received as attack on human being fascinated by idea to give humans capacity for fotosynthesis why so little empathy for plants? See the rabbit, not the grass…. → Avoid violence of antropomorfilisation see plants for new as first time artificial meetings Kalevi Kull, biosemiotics/biosemantics offered framework of methodology, to think about plants in materialist way avoid to project our desires on them semiosis: central to all living organisms, ability to perceive common modalities (signals, chemicals, light) and ascribe them specific meaning from perspective of the human: internal nature through biosemiotics transformed in external nature link to culture through psychosomatics and back to external nature, ex plastic (?) triangle can be applied to any organism different levels of organisation gap between human as individual and plants as open systems (no essential organs, cloning…) art as a way to perform relationships humans/plants Shaped by Darkness performance body still for 20hs while casting shadow on germinating/cress cress was reacting to shadow, trying to grow out of it at end of performance: imprint of her body on the cress process of symbiosis: shadow was index signalling cress to attempt to avoid it 2nd time in Denmark, audience stayed for 2 days, focused on the cress cress is fast growing Phytoteratology monsters in becoming isolation of steroids from urine, was behaving like endocrine destructor elude them protocol: grow cress on it (weed from degraded areas) symbioses of plant & her hormones possibility to form a new organism from any cell, not necessarily reproductive cell where does it come from: ten years ago scientists discovered series of molecules in plants that look identical to human hormones, is a communication channel that is still open human sex hormones influence plant growth, proofed by scientists wish to formate this embryo making a visceral kinship: using biotechnological protocols in artificial womb Strange encounters metaphyics, algae, carcinoma Human/plants equal status think about ourselves in terms that we normally attribute to plants!!!! 2 partners: cancer cells – chlorella (very resistant single celled algae) → both giants of their larger organisation types (humans/plants) everyone ok to call chlorella a plant, but cancer was not considered to be human cancer does have hunger, drive for emancipation meeting took place under microscope cancer cells ingested the algae (large round with green blob inside), cancer cells will eat anything needs to be followed up in 1 week time algae were flourishing, hardly any cancer cell left The Plant Sex Consultancy collaborative project with designers, architects question what design can do sex toys for plants how to know what they want? You cannot interview them Saraccinia, meat eating plant Cyclamen, partnership with bee that is now extinct / bee was shake plant at certain frequency for the pollen to drop Last project effort to develop agriculture in North Sea, cultivate brown algae in winter accumulate toxic nutrients in spring and summer competed out by other species but brown seaweed needs 2y before effect can be seen sea doesn’t accept colonisation at first: underwater garden together with ocean engineers constructed uncontrollable turning structure some organism do stick, at some point it starts sinking at bottom of sea, structure is adapted for microbiology Vertimus: Ten Theses on Becoming-Plant. Michael Marder virtual presence 1. Vertimus we become in to what/whom no one becomes his/herself on her own 2. working with the earth ‘vertere’, turning the land there is no becoming without revolution twist of becoming: we turn out of someone else, into someone else 3. process of becoming is 2-fold: being in transition to nothing / Nothing in transition to being what would revolution to nothing look like after seed disappears, it turns into seedling thesis 1: all becoming is becoming plant we become them and with them becoming plant we come into metamorphosis journey without fixed destination becoming plant is phenomenon of de-individuation thesis 2 : becoming plant is phenomenon of de-individuation there is a ‘we’ behind every ‘I’ thesis 3: becoming plant has patterns that are reproducible, repetable, tempos, times plants give evidence for serial becoming we have to look at entire film of becoming of the plant thesis 4: take metabolism seriously metamorphosis: change of shape, transformation, structural alteration, is individual, independent of environment metabolism: change of ethereal, associative, throw from here to there, co-becoming, not clear who was initiator and who was follower how to metabolise into plants? Turning in time, it takes time digestion takes time you are what you eat Confessions ‘on food’, eucharist: the fully grown, you grow up to level of eucharist, you stop and then digested to god to be digested into vegetable being: flow into eternal becoming (?) thesis 5: mimesis is dangerous: it risks colonizing other life world cfr Aristotle antropocentrism: power & pleasure, manipulate other for you antropomorphic: we can turn into any other being, powers of imitation our becoming tree, what if it extended the power into vegetal mimesis (?) thesis 6: recover something of mimesis to get some of its vegetable features to become a tree we must hand ourselves over to growth and decay if we add metabolism into the mix of becoming, we can moderate mimesis it is more urgent to rediscover to decay than to grow (in context of actual ecological crisis) grow it letting go of mimetic range of power mimesis can produce rhythm, transports us in alternation of the seasons Aristotle: mimesis is implanted in humans since birth Thesis 7: becoming plant is metamorphic abstraction and metabolic concretion Thesis 8: 2 possible approaches to become plant we turn into the turning how does it turn? It can affirm difference between being and nothing or xxx humans can become anything, so why not a plant…? lost QUESTIONS - ground conversation in human plant practises pattern of mimesis, watching what people and other beings do interested to see the permutations troubled by ‘mimesis as practice of domination’, while it is a yielding to the other antropomorphism is imposition to the other practises of initimacy that takes place is practise of yielding, the morphic work of mouvement or language does not work in one way ‘vegetalisation fo the human’, people yield to the other to allow the other to transform their practise our relations ot others are kinesthetic, affective, happening in practise, mouvement, relation, profound work is to see that exchange happen in intimate way & willingness to be transformed by the other!!! less hubris and more humbleness in people working with this → disconnect antropomorphist capacity from antropocentric Book: Le don de rien notion de nous donner - temporalité: temps qui passe entre passé, présent, futur (kronos); comment intégrer les deux autres notions du temps: ma présence au présent (aikos) think of time through figure of ‘turning’, it is not a straight line become what we already are but are unconscious of twists and turns of becoming plant are space & time, it is not an empty time/space - Heraclite sentence: les êtres éveillés ils ont un monde commun, sleeping beings have different worlds pose la question sur le type de conscience dans lequel on se trouve of plants scientists said that they are barely conscious - Plato, République: allegorie de la caverne, question posé: entre la croyance de ce que je vois et ce qui est réel vegetal connotations have been overlooked emergence of the cave is seen as traumatic operation of birth, separation but it in Plato’s text there is mention of vegetal birth/emergence: when new plant is born from seed, it is not separated from it, keeps link to dark world of roots and appears in light